Philipp Jakob Spener

Philipp Jakob Spener (1635–1705) was a German Lutheran theologian and religious reformer who is often called the "father of Pietism." He sought to renew Lutheran practice by emphasizing personal faith, Bible study, and moral living over formal rituals. Spener encouraged ordinary believers to deepen their relationship with God and to practice Christian humility and charity. His ideas influenced spiritual life and church practices in Europe, promoting a more heartfelt and active faith. His work helped pave the way for later religious movements focused on personal devotion and community service within Protestantism.