Philip II's reign (1180-1223)

Philip II of France, ruling from 1180 to 1223, strengthened the French monarchy through effective governance and territorial expansion. He reclaimed key rival territories like Normandy and Anjou from English control, consolidating the king’s power over nobles. Philip also improved administrative systems, promoted justice, and supported economic growth. His reign marked a turning point toward a stronger, centralized France, helping lay the foundation for future royal authority. Despite challenges, he successfully increased the kingdom’s size and influence, earning a reputation as a capable and strategic leader.