Permafrost and Periglacial Processes

Permafrost is permanently frozen ground that remains below 0°C (32°F) for at least two consecutive years. It influences landscapes and ecosystems in cold regions like the Arctic. Periglacial processes involve landforms and features shaped by freeze-thaw cycles and ground ice in areas adjacent to glaciers. These include the formation of patterned grounds, frost heaves, and thermokarst features resulting from the expansion and contraction of frozen soil. Together, permafrost and periglacial processes significantly impact terrain stability, hydrology, and climate interactions, especially as climate change causes permafrost to thaw, releasing stored greenhouse gases and altering ecosystems.