Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is an ancient Greek travel and trade guide from the 1st century CE. It describes navigation routes, ports, goods, and trading practices across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and surrounding regions, including parts of Africa, Arabia, and India. Authored by a Greek sailor or merchant, it provides valuable insights into ancient maritime trade, highlighting key commercial centers, local products, and cultural exchanges. The document helps us understand how early traders connected distant civilizations, facilitating the exchange of spices, textiles, gold, and other luxury items.