penal theory

Penal theory is the branch of philosophy and law that examines the justification and purpose of punishment. It explores why societies impose penalties on offenders, such as imprisonment or fines, and what goals these punishments serve. Essentially, it seeks to answer questions like: Why punish? Is it to deter crime, rehabilitate offenders, uphold justice, or protect society? Different theories offer various reasons, ranging from retribution (punishing because it's deserved) to deterrence (preventing future crimes), to reform (changing the offender). Penal theory helps inform fair and effective criminal justice policies.