Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are specific molecules found on or inside microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These molecules are recognized by the immune system as signals of infection because they are not present on human cells. When immune cells detect PAMPs, they activate defense mechanisms to fight the invading pathogens. Think of PAMPs as molecular “badges” that help the immune system identify and respond to potential threats, enabling a quick and targeted immune response to protect the body from infections.