Oxus civilization

The Oxus civilization, also known as the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, flourished around 2200–1700 BCE in Central Asia, covering parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It was characterized by advanced urban centers, monumental architecture, complex irrigation systems, and rich cultural artifacts like pottery and metalwork. The civilization played a key role in trade routes connecting the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia, facilitating cultural exchange and economic growth. Its decline is linked to environmental changes and shifting trade networks, but it remains a significant example of early complex societies in Central Asia.