Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (Ottoman Empire)

The Ottoman Empire was a powerful and long-lasting Islamic empire that existed from around 1299 to 1923. At its height, it covered parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, including present-day Turkey, the Balkans, the Middle East, and North Africa. It was a diverse society with many ethnicities and religions, governed by a centralized bureaucracy and led by the Sultan. The empire was known for its military prowess, cultural achievements, and strategic trade. It gradually declined due to internal issues, external pressures, and modernization challenges, ultimately transforming into the Republic of Turkey.