Open System Interconnection (OSI) model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a framework that standardizes how different computer systems communicate over a network. It divides the communication process into seven layers, from physical transmission of data (like cables and signals) to how applications (like emails or websites) present information to users. Each layer has a specific role and interacts with the layers directly above and below it, ensuring devices from different manufacturers can work together smoothly. The OSI model helps developers design, troubleshoot, and understand complex networking systems by providing a clear, organized way to see how data moves from one device to another.