Non-equilibrium Systems

Non-equilibrium systems are systems that are not in a steady state; their properties and behaviors change over time. Unlike equilibrium systems, which are stable and unchanging, non-equilibrium systems experience ongoing processes such as flow, energy transfer, or chemical reactions. Examples include weather patterns, living organisms, and financial markets. These systems are characterized by continuous energy input and dissipation, leading to complex and sometimes unpredictable behavior. Their study helps us understand dynamic processes across physics, chemistry, biology, and social sciences.