Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), also known as the War of the Grand Alliance, was a major European conflict primarily involving France, led by Louis XIV, against a coalition including England, the Dutch Republic, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. It was fought over territorial disputes and France’s expansionist ambitions. The war saw battles across Europe and in colonial territories, with the aim to limit France’s power. It ended with the Treaty of Ryswick, which restored many pre-war borders and marked a shift towards a balance of power among European nations.