Nikolay II (Nicholas II of Russia)

Nikolay II, also known as tsar Nicholas II, was the last Emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 until his abdication in 1917. His leadership faced growing social unrest, economic hardship, and the impacts of World War I, which undermined his authority. Despite efforts to modernize Russia, his refusal to cede power and handle political challenges contributed to the Russian Revolution. He and his family were ultimately executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, ending centuries of imperial rule and paving the way for the Soviet Union. Nicholas II is often remembered as a ruler overwhelmed by the tumult of his time.