neuromodulatory systems

Neuromodulatory systems are networks in the brain that release chemicals called neuromodulators—such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine—that influence how neurons communicate. Instead of carrying specific messages, these chemicals broadly adjust brain activity, affecting mood, attention, learning, motivation, and alertness. They help the brain respond to different situations by fine-tuning neural circuits, enabling adaptability and proper functioning across various states like focus or relaxation. Think of them as volume controls for the brain’s overall activity, modulating its responsiveness to ensure appropriate reactions and mental states.