neurobiology of sleep

Sleep neurobiology involves a complex interaction of brain regions and chemicals that regulate our sleep-wake cycle. Key areas include the hypothalamus, which signals when to sleep or wake, and the brainstem, which helps control alertness. Neurotransmitters like gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) promote sleep by calming brain activity, while others like orexin maintain wakefulness. During sleep, the brain alternates between REM (dreaming) and non-REM stages, each with distinct patterns of neural activity. This coordinated regulation supports restorative processes, memory consolidation, and overall brain health.