Netherlands (Dutch Republic)

The Netherlands, during its period as the Dutch Republic (1588–1795), was a prosperous, independent confederation of seven semi-autonomous provinces in northwest Europe. Known for its advanced trade, banking, and maritime strength, it was a leading commercial power and pioneer of capitalism. The republic was characterized by a relatively tolerant society with a thriving cultural scene, including art and science. Politically, it functioned as a decentralized republic with a high degree of provincial independence and had no monarch. The Dutch Republic played a key role in global exploration and trade, establishing colonies and trading outposts worldwide.