multi-level selection theory

Multi-level selection theory explains how natural selection operates at different levels of biological organization—such as genes, individuals, and groups. Sometimes, behaviors beneficial to a group, like cooperation, can spread even if they aren't best for individual survival. Conversely, individual competition can counteract group benefits. This theory helps us understand the complex balance between self-interest and collective good, showing that evolution isn't just about individual advantages but also about how groups and collections of organisms can influence which traits become common over time.