Multi-Level Perspective (MLP)

The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) explains how large-scale societal changes, like transitions to renewable energy, happen through interactions across three levels: niches (innovations and experiments), regimes (established systems and routines), and landscapes (broader societal trends and external factors). Innovations develop in niches, gradually challenging the dominant regime, while landscape shifts—such as policy changes or environmental pressures—create opportunities for change. Over time, these interactions can lead to a transition from old to new systems, highlighting that societal change is a complex process involving multiple interconnected layers.