Multi-channel quantum defects

Multi-channel quantum defects describe how electrons in an atom deviate from idealized models due to complex interactions with the nucleus and other electrons. Instead of behaving like simple, isolated particles with predictable energy levels, the electrons experience additional influences, causing small shifts in their energy states—these shifts are called quantum defects. When multiple interaction pathways (channels) are involved, their combined effects lead to more nuanced energy modifications, known as multi-channel quantum defects. This concept helps scientists accurately predict atomic spectra and understand the detailed behavior of electrons in complex atoms.