Monadology (Leibniz)

Monadology, by Leibniz, is a philosophical framework describing the universe as composed of simple, indivisible entities called "monads." Monads are like basic, conscious units that possess unique perceptions and motivations, but lack physical parts or extensions. They do not interact directly; instead, each monad is synchronized by a pre-established harmony set by God. Everything we observe results from the changing states of these monads. Leibniz's view portrays the universe as a vast, interconnected tapestry of these immaterial units, emphasizing that reality is fundamentally composed of simple, unified, and purposeful substances rather than material blocks.