Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is an alternative theory to dark matter that explains the observed motions of stars and galaxies. It suggests that at very low accelerations—much weaker than those typically experienced on Earth—gravity behaves differently than Newton's laws predict. Specifically, in these weak acceleration regimes, gravity's strength increases slightly, allowing for the observed galaxy rotation speeds without needing unseen dark matter. MOND aims to modify the laws of physics at cosmic scales, providing an explanation rooted in existing physics but adjusted for conditions where standard gravity models fall short.