mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are networks inside cells that transmit signals from the surface to the nucleus, influencing how cells grow, divide, and respond to stress. When a signal such as a growth factor or stressor is detected, these pathways activate a series of proteins called kinases, which relay and amplify the message. This cascade ultimately alters gene activity, guiding the cell’s actions. MAPK pathways are essential for normal cell function, development, and adaptation, and their dysregulation can lead to diseases like cancer.