Milner's CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems)

Milner's CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems) is a mathematical framework designed to model and analyze concurrent systems—where multiple processes operate simultaneously and communicate. It uses abstract "actions" to represent interactions like sending or receiving messages, and combines these with rules to describe how processes can evolve over time through synchronization and communication. CCS helps understand complex behaviors, verify properties like safety or deadlock freedom, and reason about system behaviors systematically. It’s widely used in computer science to develop reliable software and understand how components interact in distributed systems.