Metaphysics of Morals (by Immanuel Kant)

Immanuel Kant's *Metaphysics of Morals* explores the fundamental principles underlying ethical behavior. It distinguishes between how we determine moral duties and the nature of justice and rights. Kant emphasizes that moral actions are guided by universal principles—what he calls the "categorical imperative"—which command us to act according to maxims we can will to become universal laws. Essentially, it underscores that morality is rooted in reason and autonomy, requiring individuals to act out of duty rather than personal inclination, and aims to establish a framework for respecting human dignity through consistent moral principles.