Mesopotamian societies

Mesopotamian societies, located in the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, were among the earliest complex civilizations. They developed city-states like Uruk and Babylon, with sophisticated governments, writing systems (such as cuneiform), and advancements in science, law, and architecture. Society was hierarchical, with rulers, priests, merchants, artisans, and farmers. They built impressive structures, established trade networks, and created enduring cultural and religious traditions. Their innovations laid foundational aspects of urban civilization, influencing subsequent cultures in the Middle East and beyond.