Mesopotamian cultures

Mesopotamian cultures, originating in the ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, include civilizations like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. They developed some of the world's earliest cities, writing (cuneiform), law codes like Hammurabi’s, and innovations in writing, agriculture, and governance. These cultures advanced mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, contributing significantly to human history. Their societies were organized around complex religious beliefs, monarchies, and city-states, shaping political and cultural development in the ancient Near East. Their legacy influences modern law, literature, and urban planning.