Medieval ecclesiastical states

Medieval ecclesiastical states were territories governed by religious leaders, often bishops or abbots, rather than secular kings. Common in Europe during the Middle Ages, these states were often established by the Church, which held significant power and influence. Examples include the Papal States in central Italy, ruled by the Pope, and various bishoprics and abbeys throughout Europe. They combined spiritual authority with political governance, impacting local laws, tax systems, and social structures. These states reflected the intertwining of religion and politics during a period when the Church was a dominant force in shaping society and culture.