mathematical constants

Mathematical constants are fixed numbers that appear repeatedly across various fields of mathematics and nature, representing fundamental relationships. For example, π (pi) is about 3.14159 and defines the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, essential in geometry and engineering. E (Euler's number), approximately 2.718, is key in growth and decay processes, such as populations or radioactive decay. The constant φ (phi), about 1.618, is known as the golden ratio, appearing in art, architecture, and nature’s patterns. These constants are crucial because they provide precise values for formulas describing the world.