Mantle dynamics

Mantle dynamics refer to the movement of the Earth's semi-fluid rock layer beneath the crust, driven by heat from the Earth's interior. These convection currents cause the mantle material to slowly flow, which in turn drives the movement of tectonic plates on the Earth's surface. This process explains phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the drifting of continents. The mantle's behavior is a key factor in Earth's geological activity, acting as a conveyor belt that redistributes heat and material inside the planet over millions of years.