Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram

The Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) shows the relationship between overall traffic flow, density, and speed in a specific area, like a city zone. It illustrates that as more cars fill the area, speeds decrease and congestion builds up, reducing how many cars can pass through. Up to a certain point, increasing traffic flow is manageable, but beyond that, delays and jams increase rapidly. The MFD helps urban planners optimize traffic management by understanding collective traffic behavior and improving road network efficiency to reduce congestion.