Müller matrix

The Müller matrix is a mathematical way to describe how a material or surface changes the polarization of light passing through or reflecting off it. Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves' vibrations. The matrix contains 16 numbers that together show how different aspects of light's polarization—like its intensity and direction—are affected. This helps scientists and engineers analyze surfaces, atmospheric particles, and optical devices to better understand their properties and behaviors, especially when dealing with polarized light in areas like remote sensing, imaging, and material science.