Lutz-Kelvin model

The Lutz-Kelvin model describes how Earth's mantle (the layer beneath the crust) moves and flows over time. It suggests that mantle convection—similar to a slow, organized boiling process—drives plate tectonics, causing continents to drift and geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes. In this model, temperature differences within the mantle create buoyant forces that push and pull tectonic plates, shaping Earth's surface. Essentially, it provides a framework for understanding how deep-seated interior processes influence the surface features and geological evolution of our planet.