lumped models

Lumped models are simplified ways to analyze complex systems by treating certain properties, like temperature or concentration, as uniform throughout a specific region or object. Instead of considering how these properties change at every point, lumped models assume they are "lumped" together, making it easier to predict how the system behaves over time. This approach works well when the internal variations are minimal compared to differences between the system and its surroundings, allowing for more straightforward calculations while still capturing essential dynamics.