Luhmann's social systems theory

Luhmann's social systems theory views society as composed of interconnected, self-referential systems—such as law, politics, or economy—that operate independently but influence each other through communication. These systems maintain their identity by processing information and making decisions within their own rules, rather than through direct control or individual actions. Society is seen as a complex network of these systems, each specializing in specific functions, shaping social order through ongoing communication processes. This perspective emphasizes the autonomous yet interdependent nature of social institutions and how they collectively sustain social stability.