Ludwig Boltzmann's equation

Ludwig Boltzmann's equation relates the microscopic state of a system to its overall thermodynamic properties. It links the entropy (disorder) of a system to the number of possible microscopic arrangements (states) that produce the same macroscopic condition. Specifically, it states that entropy is proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of these arrangements, emphasizing that more available configurations lead to higher entropy. This equation helps explain why systems tend to move toward more probable, disordered states over time, underpinning the second law of thermodynamics and connecting microscopic behavior to bulk properties.