Louis-Philippe of France

Louis-Philippe of France, known as the "Citizen King," ruled from 1830 to 1848 after Queen Victoria's accession. He came to power following the July Revolution, which overthrew Charles X. Louis-Philippe was a constitutional monarch who represented the common people’s interests more than previous kings. His reign, called the July Monarchy, emphasized liberal policies and benefited the bourgeoisie (middle class). Despite initial popularity, economic difficulties, political unrest, and demands for reform led to widespread protests in 1848, forcing him to abdicate and go into exile, ending his rule and the July Monarchy era.