long-baseline neutrino oscillation

Long-baseline neutrino oscillation involves sending a beam of neutrinos—tiny, nearly massless particles—over hundreds of kilometers from a source (like a particle accelerator) to a detector. As they travel, neutrinos can change their type, or "flavor," due to quantum behavior related to their masses. By studying how many neutrinos of each type arrive, scientists learn about their properties and how they transform, helping to understand fundamental physics beyond the standard model. This process requires precise measurements over long distances to observe the oscillations clearly.