Ligand Types (σ-donor, π-acceptor)

Ligands are molecules or ions that attach to a central metal atom or ion in coordination complexes. They can be classified based on their electronic interactions: σ-donor ligands donate electron density directly to the metal through a sigma bond, strengthening the bond by increasing electron sharing. π-acceptor ligands, on the other hand, can accept electron density from the metal’s electrons into their empty pi orbitals, stabilizing the complex. Some ligands exhibit both behaviors, acting as σ-donors and π-acceptors simultaneously. These interactions influence the stability, reactivity, and properties of the complex.