landmark cases (e.g., Costa v. ENEL, Van Gend en Loos)

Certainly! Costa v. ENEL (1964) established that European Union law takes precedence over conflicting national laws, meaning member countries must follow EU rules over their own laws when they conflict. Van Gend en Loos (1963) confirmed that individuals can directly invoke EU law in national courts, granting citizens rights from treaties. Together, these cases emphasized the EU’s authority in shaping legal standards across member states and empowered individuals to rely on European laws in their national legal systems.