Lambda Cold Dark Matter Model (ΛCDM)

The Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model is the leading framework for understanding the universe's structure and evolution. It combines three key components: dark energy (represented by Lambda, Λ), which causes the universe's accelerated expansion; cold dark matter, which is an unseen form of matter that forms the backbone of galaxies; and ordinary matter, which makes up stars, planets, and us. Together, these elements explain how the universe has grown from tiny initial fluctuations to its current vast, structured state, matching observations of galaxies, cosmic microwave background, and large-scale patterns.