King John's reign

King John's reign (1199–1216) was marked by political instability, heavy taxation, and conflicts with nobles and foreign enemies. His disputes with the Pope led to the pope’s excommunication, and his military failures, particularly in France, weakened England’s territories. Discontent grew among the barons, culminating in the rebellion that forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting royal power and establishing early legal rights. His reign is often viewed as a period of weakening royal authority, which ultimately led to increased demands for constitutional governance in England.