judicial exceptions

Judicial exceptions are specific rules created by courts to determine when a patent claim is not eligible for protection under patent law. These exceptions include ideas, natural phenomena, or natural laws—things that exist naturally or are basic truths—because allowing patents on them could hinder scientific progress or monopolize fundamental knowledge. For example, a law of nature like gravity or a natural gene cannot be patented on its own. However, if someone invents a new and useful way to apply or manipulate these natural elements, that application may qualify for patent protection.