Josephson Voltage Standard

The Josephson Voltage Standard uses a quantum phenomenon called the Josephson effect to generate extremely precise voltages. When a Josephson junction—a thin layer of superconductor separated by a non-superconducting barrier—is exposed to microwaves, it produces voltage steps with exact values linked to fundamental constants. This allows scientists to establish and maintain a reliable voltage standard based on universal physical laws, reducing measurement uncertainties. Essentially, it provides a highly accurate “gold standard” for electrical voltage, ensuring consistency and precision in scientific research and electrical engineering worldwide.