John Murray (naturalist)

John Murray (1841–1914) was a pioneering Scottish naturalist and oceanographer renowned for his extensive exploration of the world's oceans. He played a key role in developing deep-sea exploration techniques and greatly contributed to our understanding of marine life and oceanic ecosystems. Murray was the first director of the Challenger Biological Laboratory, established following the historic Challenger expedition, which laid the foundation for modern oceanography. His work advanced knowledge of sea creatures, underwater geology, and ocean currents, earning him recognition as a foundational figure in marine science.