James Marion Sims

James Marion Sims was a 19th-century American physician known as the "father of modern gynecology." He developed new surgical techniques to treat obstetric fistulas—tears from childbirth—that caused incontinence. Sims conducted experiments and surgeries on enslaved women without anesthesia, which today raises significant ethical concerns. His work contributed to advancements in women's reproductive health, but his methods are viewed critically due to the ethical issues involved. Recognizing both his medical innovations and the problematic aspects of his practices provides a nuanced understanding of his legacy.