Italian Kingdom

The Kingdom of Italy was a nation established in 1861, unifying various independent states and territories on the Italian Peninsula into one sovereign state. It was a constitutional monarchy, with a king as the head of state, starting with Victor Emmanuel II. The kingdom played a key role in Italy's modernization and national identity, expanding through military conquests and diplomatic efforts. It lasted until 1946, when Italy transitioned to a republic following a referendum after World War II. The period marked Italy's emergence as a unified nation, balancing tradition with rapid social and political change.