Isotropy and Homogeneity of the Universe

Isotropy and homogeneity describe how the universe appears on large scales. Isotropy means that, from our point of view, the universe looks the same in every direction—no preferred directions or special locations. Homogeneity means the universe has a uniform composition and structure throughout, so any large region resembles any other large region. Together, these principles suggest that, on a cosmic scale, the universe is largely uniform and consistent, allowing scientists to develop models and understand its evolution without assuming any special place or direction in space.