isotopic ratio

An isotopic ratio compares the amounts of different forms of the same element, called isotopes, in a sample. Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. For example, carbon has stable isotopes like carbon-12 and carbon-13. The ratio of these isotopes in a sample reveals information about its origin, age, or history, as environmental conditions or biological processes can influence isotope distribution. Measuring isotopic ratios helps scientists understand natural processes, trace sources, and study climate, geology, and biological activity.