Isomap

Isomap is a technique used to analyze complex data by uncovering its underlying structure. It works by measuring the shortest paths—like highways—between data points on a curved, multi-dimensional surface, rather than just looking at straight-line distances. By doing this, Isomap captures the true relationships in data that lies on a non-flat, curved shape, or manifold. It then maps this complex structure into a simpler, lower-dimensional space, making patterns and relationships easier to see and understand without losing the essential geometry of the original data.