ionospheric disturbances

Ionospheric disturbances are irregular changes in the Earth's ionosphere, the layer of charged particles high above the surface. These changes can be caused by solar activity, such as solar flares or geomagnetic storms, and can impact radio wave propagation, leading to disruptions in communication and navigation systems. The disturbances create irregularities in the electron density, affecting how signals bend or reflect, which can cause signals to fade, delay, or become unpredictable. Understanding these disturbances helps in managing and mitigating their effects on technologies like GPS, satellite communication, and radio broadcasting.