ionic conduction

Ionic conduction occurs when charged particles called ions move through a material, like a liquid or solid electrolyte, carrying electric current. Unlike electrons, ions are atoms or molecules with a charge, which migrate in response to an electric field. This process is common in batteries, fuel cells, and biological systems. When ions move freely, they transfer electrical energy efficiently. The ease of this movement depends on the material's structure and temperature. Overall, ionic conduction is a key way that electricity can pass through substances that don’t rely solely on electron flow.